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The principle of the high-pressure tube is creation of extreme high pressure to condense or compress huge volumes of gases and liquids into tubes or cylinders. The inverse relationship between pressure and temperature, as well as volume and density, is used here. As temperature rises, pressure decreases and vice versa. At high heat a gas has very low pressure. At high pressure, a high volume of gas, rarer, is condensed into a very dense high-pressure gas to fit into this high-pressure tube. Liquids can also be condensed to increase their density so as to reduce the volume to fit into narrow cylinders. Jacob Perkins was an inventor who contributed to this field and introduced the principle of compressibility of water – of course at high pressure. Applications of high pressure tubes: There are many uses that a high pressure tube comes to. The uses vary from industrial, to educational. Companies manufacture high-pressure equipment like high pressure tubes, valves, cylinders, vessels etc. for use in petrochemical, oil and natural gas industries, water jet cutting and blasting, chemical, pharmaceutical and other industries, industrial research and development, and in laboratories at universities. Pressure is utilized for working of water pumps and gas pumps. High-pressure steam is also passed through tubes for condensation. Below is the image of an industrial high pressure tube: Industrial high pressure tube Storing helium in a high pressure tube: A very important application of the high-pressure tube is to store helium for industrial use and research. Helium is available in either liquid or gaseous form. High-pressure cylinders are used to store helium in gaseous form at high pressure.The role and utility of the high-pressure tube in industry and the field of research is significant. Most of the natural radioactive elements of higher atomic numbers are found in nature as a number of radioactive isotopes. All these isotopes belong to the chains of successive decays. The nucleus of a radioactive element undergoes spontaneous disintegration forming the nucleus of new element. The new element may in turn be radioactive and disintegrates to give another element and so on. The process of disintegration and formation of new elements continues till a non-radioactive stable end product is formed. For example ^U238 disintegrates to form 90Th234, 91 Pa234 and so on. The whole chain of such elements starting from the parent to the end product is called as radioactive disintegration series. Thus, all the radioactive elements are classified into four series : (i) Thorium or (4n) Series In this series, parent element is ygTh232 and the product is 82Pb208. In this series a total of 6 a-particles and 4/J-particles are emitted. The mass number of each element of this series is divisible by four and hence the series is known as 4n series. The elements of thorium series occur in nature thus the series is also called natural series. Th232 ~a, n,228 Af228 ~Pf Th228 ~g, R„224 90111 * 88 * 89^c 90 " 88^-" 84P0216 — 82Pb212-^ m- - -/J- 84P0212^_a 212____PK208 8iT,208 -^"/T (ii) Neptunium or (4n + 1) Series In this series, parent element is 93Np237 and end product is 83Bi209. The series involves emission of 7 a-particles and 4 /9-particles. The mass number of each element of this series gives a remainder of one when divided by four hence the series is known as 4n + 1 series. All the elements of this series do not occur in nature but are made artificially thus the series is also called artificial series. 93NP237— 91Pa233 ——92U233 ——90Th229 -——*¦ 8gRa225 — 89Ac225 — „ft® — ^At2^— t1209 r;213 83Bl ^^ 82 " * 83m (iii) Uranium or (4n + 2) Series In this series, parent element is 92U238 and end product is 82Pb206. In total 8 a and 6 /J particles are emitted in this series. The mass number of each element of this series gives a remainder of two when divided by four and hence the series in known as 4n + 2 series. This series is also called natural series as all the elements of this series occur in nature. T T238 t, 234 ~/3> p-,234 ' \ tt234 92U *90ln 91ra 92 Th230 p 226 on222 90 88 a * 86 * (iv) Actinium or (4n + 3) Series In this series, parent element is 92U235 (s^U235 was also called as actiniouranium and hence the series is named as actinium series.) and end product is 82Pb207. In total 7a-particles and 4/J-particles are emitted in this series. The mass number of each element of this series gives a remainder of 3 when divided by four and hence called 4n + 3 series. It is also a natural series. 92U235— 90Th231 — glPa231 — 89Ac227_^9oTh227 — 88*a223 — 86Rn219 —- 84P021-5 — 82Pb2" -Zl83Bi211-l^8lPo207_^82pb207 Salient features of These Series are g iven in Following Table Name 4n Series 4n + 1 Series 4n + 2 Series 4n + 3 Series Parent members End product Number of emitted particles a P Half life period of parant element Thorium-232 (sioTh232) Lead-208 (KtPb208) 6 4 1-39 x 1010 years Neptunium-237 (93NP237) Bismuth-209 (saBi209) 7 4 2-25 x 106 years Uranium-238 Lead-206 (82Pb206) 8 6 4-51 X 109 years Actinium-235 (9ZU235) (Actinouranium) Lead-207 (szPb207) 7 4 7-07 x 108 years Learn more on aboutmeasuring torque and its Examples. Between, if you have problem on these topics How to Solve Physics Problems, please browse expert math related websites for more help.Please share your comment
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