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Construction is an area of civil engineering and technology that covers buildings (vertical), bridges, asphalt and cement concrete roads (horizontal/lateral). This industry never runs out of jobs. Somebody has something to build, always. Governments build infrastructures that support services to the people they serve. Private individuals and organisations build their own structures – homes, club houses, business centres and even road pavements that lead to where they are. Some countries do not have effective laws governing construction. Some others have good laws but are not properly enforced. That is how we find shapeless structures that crumble at the slightest hint of an earthquake. Because of lack of regulation or strict enforcement, “accidents” happen. Some villages, towns, cities and even states especially in the third world are beset with problems on “misplaced” structures due to lack or development planning. The term urban planning is more applicable to densely populated highly-urban communities. In horizontal or lateral construction, development or urban planning is also important. Even if the land area is so large for the population, locational or site planning is still very important. Loss of resources can be avoided if construction of pavements and roads are properly planned. Distances from place to place can be effectively shortened if the road layout is sensibly planned. Architects play an important role in this area. Asphalt-cement concreting is a construction area riddled with fraud and thievery. Some countries have corrupt officials who exact certain percentages on the total construction cost for his signature of approval so that the construction can proceed under a contractor’s management and supervision. The contractor is constrained to “cheat a little” by slicing a portion of the funds allocated for the construction project sacrificing quality. Asphalt-cement-sand-gravel-steel reinforcement ratios are manipulated to substandard levels so that the contractor still retains his projected profits, to the detriment of the public that will use the highway. Safety on that kind of road is no longer assured. The highway’s lifespan is drastically shortened. It is to be noted that maintaining a bad highway or road is more expensive than outright replacement. The foundation of highways and the materials used in its construction should be such that it can withstand the stress of heavy and fast traffic for which the asphalt-cement concrete pavement has been designed. Carefully planned highways using construction materials and techniques of the right standard assures tangible benefits for the tax-paying public. Safety, actual cost savings and long-term use of the highway are among these advantages that the public can enjoy.
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