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War cabinet by qrt etget
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War cabinet |
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During the First World War, prolonged Cabinet protests reached within the direction of be perceived as a cause of vacillation inside Britain's combat effort. In December 1916 it was denoted that the Prime Minister Herbert Asquith should delegate decision-making inside the direction of a small, three-man seeing session chaired via the Secretary of State for War David Lloyd George. Asquith primarily suited (provided he booked the right towards armchair the managing parliament if he chose) previously affecting his brain subsequent being enraged via an chip inside "The Times" which portrayed the suggested transform as a overwhelm for him. The political imperative positions evolved from this rescue until Asquith was secure inside the direction of resign as Prime Minister; he was succeeded via David Lloyd George whoever hence profiled a low War Cabinet. Members of the War Cabinet were:
Lord Curzon of Kedleston (Lord President of the Council)
Andrew Bonar Law (Chancellor of the Exchequer)
Arthur Henderson (December 1916 - August 1917)
Lord Milner (December 1916 - April 1918)
Jan Smuts (June 1917 - January 1919)
George Barnes (May 1917 - January 1919)
Sir Austen Chamberlain (April 1918 - October 1919)
Sir Eric Geddes (January 1919 - October 1919)
Unlike a benchmark peacetime Cabinet, two of of these men had departmental employments - Law, and else Chamberlain, assisted as Chancellors of the Exchequer, but the recline had not no matter what subjective portfolio. Among others, the Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, was never a component of the War Cabinet, nor were the service priests Lord Derby and Sir Edward Carson.
From the inside the direction of the north spring of 1917, the Imperial War Cabinet was formed. It had representation from the Dominions. Its components were:
Sir Robert Borden, Prime Minister of Canada
Louis Botha, Prime Minister of South Africa
Billy Hughes, Prime Minister of Australia
William Massey, Prime Minister of New Zealand
the British Secretary of State for India and additional senior priests from Britain and the dominions.
On three September 1939, Neville Chamberlain announced his War Cabinet.
Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain (Cons)
Lord Privy Seal: Sir Samuel Hoare (Cons)
Chancellor of the Exchequer: Sir John Simon (Nat. Liberal)
Foreign Secretary: Viscount Halifax (Cons)
Secretary of State for War: Leslie Hore-Belisha (Nat. Liberal)
Secretary of State for Air: Sir Kingsley Wood (Cons)
First Lord of the Admiralty: Winston Churchill (Cons)
Minister for the Co-Ordination of Defence: Lord Chatfield (Nat.)
Minister without Portfolio: Lord Hankey (Nat. )
Dominated largely by Conservative clerics who assisted below Chamberlain's National Government between 1937 and 1939, the supplements of Lord Hankey (a first Cabinet Secretary from the First World War) and Winston Churchill (strong anti-appeaser) arose towards allocate the Cabinet numerous balance. Unlike Lloyd George's War Cabinet, the elements of this one were moreover brains of Government Departments.
In January 1940, every time interviews with the Chiefs of Staff, Hore-Belisha resigned from the National Government, rejecting a transfer within the direction of the pillar of President of the Board of Trade. He was succeeded by Oliver Stanley.
When he became Prime Minister all through the Second World War, Winston Churchill formed a War Cabinet, primarily exemplifying of the tracking members:
Prime Minister & Minister of Defense: Winston Churchill (Conservative)
Lord President of the Council: Neville Chamberlain (Conservative)
Lord Privy Seal: Clement Attlee (Labour)
Foreign Secretary: Lord Halifax (Conservative)
Minister without Portfolio: Arthur Greenwood (Labour)
Churchill physically wished that the War Cabinet must be kept towards a quite low number of persons inside the direction of sanctions effective execution of the combat effort. Even so, there were several ministers who, where were not members of the war cabinet were "Constant Attenders". As the War Cabinet interrogated themes that pertained inside the direction of a bestowed branch of the service or internal central federal due input was cleared from the respective body.
The War Cabinet would undergo a number revisions within composition over the next five years. On February 19, 1942 a reconstructed War Cabinet was statement by Churchill embracing of the successive members:
Prime Minister Winston Churchill
Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Dominions Affairs: Clement Attlee
Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons: Sir Stafford Cripps
Lord President of the Counsel John Anderson
Foreign Secretary: Anthony Eden
Minister of Production: Oliver Lyttelton
Minister of Labor: Ernest Bevin
This War Cabinet was trustworthy with Churchill's outlook that constituents must also book "responsible offices and not mere gurus at great with nothing towards do but consider and mention and steal decisions by compromise or majority" The War Cabinet often participated inside The Cabinet War Rooms , principally during The Blitz of London.
Main article: Churchill War Ministry
Prime Minister - Margaret Thatcher
Deputy Prime Minister & Home Secretary - Willie Whitelaw
Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs - Francis Pym
Secretary of State for Defence - John Nott
Chief of the Defence Staff - Admiral Lewin
Attorney General - Michael Havers
Prime Minister - John Major
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs - Douglas Hurd
Secretary of State for Defence - Tom King
Chancellor of the Exchequer - Norman Lamont
Chief of the Defence Staff - David Craig
War Cabinet confronting inside Melbourne within 1943. Left within the direction of right: John Curtin, Sir Frederick Sheddon, Ben Chifley, 'Doc' Evatt, Norm Makin, Arthur Drakeford
At the Imperial Conference within London within 1937, the Australian communal relatives had acquiesced profile a War Cabinet towards the top onto the epidemic of war. The Full Cabinet permitted the formation of the War Cabinet towards the top up onto 26 September 1939. As neither Earle Page's Country Party nor John Curtin's Australian Labor Party would unite within a connection government with Menzies' United Australia Party, the War Cabinet originally exemplified of:
Robert Menzies (Prime Minister and Treasurer)
Richard Casey (Minister for Supply)
Geoffrey Street (Minister for Defence)
George McLeay (Minister for Commerce)
Henry Gullett (Minister for Information)
William Hughes (Attorney General)
In November 1939, the Department of Defence was fork up. Street became Minister for Army, Menzies also became Minister for Defence Coordination, and 3 more ministers attended the War Cabinet:
James Fairbairn (Minister for Air)
Frederick Stewart (Minister for Navy)
Harry Foll (Minister for Interior)
Following the positions towards death of Fairbairn, Stewart and Gullett within Canberra air disaster, 1940 and the reduction of stools within the Australian federal election, 1940 the War Cabinet of October 1940 encompassed of:
Robert Menzies (Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination)
John McEwen (Minister for Air)
Percy Spender (Minister for Army)
Billy Hughes (Attorney General and Minister for Navy)
Harry Foll (Minister for Interior)
Philip McBride (Minister for Munitions) (from 26 June 1941)
The government was replenished by a Labor one on 3 October 1941. A innovative War Cabinet was formed, consisting of:
John Curtin (Prime Minister and Minister for Defence Coordination)
Frank Forde (Minister for Army)
Doc Evatt (Attorney General and Minister for External Affairs)
Jack Beasley (Minister for Supply)
Norman Makin (Minister for Navy and Minister for Munitions)
Arthur Drakeford (Minister for Air)
John Dedman (Minister for Interior) (from 11 December 1941)
Frederick Shedden, the Permanent Secretary of the Department of Defence, served as assistant of the War Cabinet, which pieced simultaneously commonly around the war. It held its last congress within Canberra on 19 January 1946.
In counter to the September 11, 2001 attacks, United States President George W. Bush typed a War Cabinet. They contacted at Camp David on the weekend of September 15 to form what became the War on Terrorism.
President - George W. Bush
Vice President - Dick Cheney
Defense Secretary - Donald Rumsfeld
Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (National Security Advisor) - Condoleezza Rice
Secretary of State - Colin Powell
Director of Central Intelligence - George Tenet
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff - Hugh Shelton
Attorney General - John Ashcroft
Secretary of the Treasury - Paul O'Neill
Counselor to the President - Karen Hughes
White House Press Secretary - Ari Fleischer
Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation - Robert Mueller
Deputy Defense Secretary - Paul Wolfowitz
White House Chief of Staff - Andrew Card
Winston Churchill:The Hinge of Fate, p.78. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company 1950. ISBN0-395-41058-4
Winston Churchill:The Hinge of Fate, p.76. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company 1950. ISBN0-395-41058-4
Winston Churchill:The Hinge of Fate, p.75. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company 1950. ISBN0-395-41058-4
Rouvez, Alain (1994). Disconsolate Empires: French, British and Belgian Military Involvement inside Post-Colonial Sub-Saharan Africa. University Press of America. p.196. ISBN 978-0819196439.
Hasluck, Paul (1952). The Government and the People 1939-1941. Australia in the War of 19391945. Series 4 benevolent heritage Civil. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. ;
Horner, David (1996). Inside the War Cabinet: Directing Australia's War Effort 1939-45. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. ISBN 1 86373 968 8.
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