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The world from Megatron to the defeated, the battle is not only the Baliqiao Mongol horsemen Sad Swan Song, is the great crisis confronting nomads. From this moment on, the horse had to face national challenges of industrial civilization. September 21, 1860 morning, a brutal battle in the outskirts of Beijing Baliqiao staged against the Qing army and both British and French troops. Qing is twenty-five thousand more than the main Mongol horsemen, the commander of the Qing command a year ago successfully repelled the British and French troops in Mongolia Mongolian Prince Senggelinqin, while the total strength of the British and French troops eighteen thousand people, actual investment operations is about six thousand French troops, commander of a sixty-year-old veteran Mengtuo Bang. Taku a year ago, the victory of the Battle of this great battle to Senggelinqin full of expectations, and in the magnanimous as a whetstone of the North China Plain has met with the Mongolian horsemen who swept through Eurasia, Meng Tuobang also really not the end of the heart . However, contrary to expectations both commanders on the battlefield is not a "close combat", "swords" of the bayonet fighting, but under British and French troops thoroughly dominated the Holocaust. "Although they shouted forward, bravery and repeatedly rush ahead, or a crushing defeat for the start!" The French officer Girard witnessed the destruction of this Mongol horsemen, "these brave, yet flexible enough soldiers, and their the battlefield changed hands, give the enemy, or rather a step to reclaim, courage persist, all killed in situ. " The campaign, tens of thousands of Mongolian cavalry commander Senggelinqin only 7 survived, while the British and French forces killed 12 people in total, which also includes one of their own injury, the French parliamentarians that this is a mock "combat laugh . " While military scientists spoke about Senggelinqin command in the battle, mistakes, however, the mortality ratio over 1000:1, in any case not Senggelinqin personal failure. The world from Megatron to the defeated, the battle is not so much Baliqiao Mongol horsemen Sad Swan Song, it is more nomadic civilization and encounter the beginning of the industrial civilization of tragedy. Lost horseback national French lawmakers and then with "a funny battle" to mock the Mongolian cavalry commander Senggelinqin different 70 years later, another Frenchman - historian ????? neglecting their full a reverence. In his masterpiece "Prairie Empire" to remind people to pay attention to: "immediately on the prairie dominated Ou Yada archers 13 centuries ... ... Since these archers no longer the world conqueror has only just over three centuries. " Why can rule Eurasian nomads 13 century? In ????? It seems that in ancient times of cold weapons, "the horse archers do not shoot the lever is a direct confrontation of the arms, at the time with combat and destroy enemy morale effect, almost the role of today as gunmen's bullets. "nomadic and farming in the nation's conflicts, nomads tend to occupy a clear military superiority. Obviously, ????? to focus on this military superiority to the bow and arrow, but he ignores a more important factor, that is the backbone of the Empire and grassland - Ma. The reason is simple - archers is certainly powerful, it is not unique to the shepherds. Farming has always been there with a bow of national tradition, the Spring and Autumn Period in the Central Plains early farming peoples to have been invented more accurate than the bow, more powerful, and more lethal crossbow. If not for the lack of horses, farming nation would not have worked so hard to build the Great Wall to defend against nomadic tribes of the. Nomads 1300 years of glorious history, without exception, were built upon their strong horse, and Rise of the 13th century the Mongols in the Mongolian Plateau has been calling itself "the nation on horseback." Mid-13th century, a European missionary in the audience with the Mengge Han Mongolian cavalry after the record's image: "They have big head, small eyes, wide shoulders surprisingly, eating on the horse, sleep in the horse, the meeting also immediately, they probably a few months did not dismount, leather clothes and skin had rotted and stuck together. "difficult to imagine, to help them conquer the world is not tall and mighty big Wanma or Arabian horses, but their small size, slow, nothing to boast The Mongolian horse. In today's perspective, is probably the worst of Mongolian horse. Their short stature, slow running speed, the more obstacles are far less than capacity of tall horses in Europe. But they are the world's strongest endurance horse, the environment and the minimum food requirements, whether in Asia, alpine desert, or in the plains of Europe, Mongolian horse can always find food. Ability of a super hardy Mongolian horse, not only dig 40 cm deep snow under eat grass, but also at minus 50 degrees to survive very low temperatures, and thus been praised as "the horse closest to the camel." Mongolian horse riding is not only competent at any time and pull a heavy work vehicle, but also a source of food for the Mongols. Mongol horsemen set off, often with a large number of female horse, mare's milk at any time to provide for the soldiers. This greatly reduces the pressure of the Mongolian armed forces logistics, making the Mongolian army has no army was difficult to compare the speed and mobility. According to "History of Ancient Mongolian war," it reads, from the Yangtze River north to Bulgaria, the military build-up time, but two to three months, the daily average marching speed of 90-95 km. The battle of the advance it as fast staggering: capture the north of Russia, took 2 months and 5 days, the daily average speed of 85-90 km; captured south of Russia, took 2 months and 10 days, each day attack speed 55-60 km; captured Hungary and Poland, with three months, every day attacking speed 58-62 km. In contrast, post-World War II, the Soviet Red Army in the case of little or no resistance from Poland Vivas River toward the Oder River in Germany, only 20 days in advance of 500 km, is only 25-30 km per day only. This campaign which was once regarded as the fastest of modern warfare in the battle forward. In the late Qing Dynasty, when the full Han Banners Banners and put in cages off the birds, the loss of combat, when the Qing dynasty, Mongol horsemen have become the most relied on military force. One after another inside and outside the war, Manchuria, the Manchu army led Qingui with Zao Baiji, and Tadao Prince Senggelinqin Horqin destroy the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the Battle of the Northern Expeditionary Army and Taku British and French troops repulsed a "great matters", as a strong shot in the arm, once the Manchu nobility lean as the "Great Wall" and "pillar." However, the passage of time, when the opponent Baliqiao war is no longer holding Weaponry medieval army, but armed with modern rifles and artillery Western army, by bow and arrow and sword against an enemy of the Mongol horsemen can only accept defeat reality. According to historical records, Genghis Khan period, the Mongolian grassland Mongolian horse at least ten million free ride. However, the Baliqiao defeat, the Qing government lost the confidence of the Mongolian cavalry, so that no further late Qing Dynasty in Mongolia in the decades conscription. In 1934, Japanese scholars Puff, the river package, including Outer Mongolia border Noel had counted a Mongolian livestock herders, are "two horses, 27 cattle, 28 camels, sheep and more than 300 only." Obviously, Malaysia's position in the Mongols has been greatly reduced. Baliqiao After the war, Zeng, Li introduced Yangqiangyangbao organization and training of Hunan and the Huai Army replaced the Mongol horsemen, becoming the last of the military pillar of the empire. But for those who Mongolian princes, this defeat did not attract enough attention, Mongolia remains unchanged princes enjoy a leisurely aristocratic life. Jin Jing in class because (Qing practice, the annual end, the princes of Inner and Outer Mongolia to Beijing to be streaming towards a duty cycle) or "into the value when the gap" and other reasons, most of the Mongolian princes have lived in Beijing. The Mongolian Marriage ancestral system, so that they also made many Manchu nobility by marriage, which also began to absorb the Manchu nobles were extravagant life style decay. According to Wang Guojun, "Mongolia Ji Wen," recorded Senggelinqin defeat Baliqiao, the same as the kings of harqin Right Banner of Inner Mongolia Jun Wang was obsessed with color Burke Duoer Ji Peking Opera, and he built a garden in the palace after the stage , acting specially selected children of Mongolia, known as "disciples class child", acting and music all day long. Color Burke Duoer Ji died, the new successor of Wang Ji Le trees that are special, "inherited his father's records,", spend money to buy the first line, purchase odd screen, sent for the role of Professor of Heritage Opera, Gao Qiang, Han plays the second yellow, etc. . Jun Wang is addicted to the drama of two generations, Actors are somewhat spoiled, lawless, and eventually all special that Wang Ji Le Wood broke out on the fiftieth birthday Actors bloom training military and fight a vicious incident. Indulge in pleasure more than just color Duo Erji Burke, father and son. Back in 1828, Ih Ju League Sang Chai Wong Pui child for extravagant pro to wantonly increase the liturgical to trigger a massive "independent of your dragon" campaign. And between 1853 to 1869, Tony Son De Loecker tumd Selenge flag for the same reason the 16-year provoked "eight arrows" armed resistance struggle. Genghis Khan's descendants of these long lost ancestors Yamaha grasslands, Legend of the Condor of the valiant brave bow, and no ancestors swept the Eurasian territory's ambition to open up thousands of miles. Divide and rule of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing system, strictly limiting the flow of the nobility and expansion, and the treatment system is privileged Zha Sake erode the last vestiges of their Zhantiandoude pride. Relative to the Mongol princes, monks throughout Mongolia can even backwater. After ten years until the Qing dynasty, the American explorer Roy Chapman Andrews still feel its the kind of "no value" exists. In his "Coulomb photo" in this description: Mongolian nomadic herders have lived in stone. Thirties the twentieth century, Japanese scholars Puff, the river settlements in the Mongolian still see a continuation of the nomadic way of thousands of years - neither "protect and accommodate the livestock fence, but not prepared to feed hay and other Dongchu , only the livestock grazing in the wilderness, by plants and mobile. " As a result, "Even in normal years, the winter because the snow will lose two to three percent of the sheep into." Nevertheless, still in a state of self-sufficient economy of the Mongols, or unwilling to give up the nomadic way of the primitive. Because, for a Mongolian family of five people, as long as "50 sheep, 8 cows, 2 horses can maintain a minimum standard of living", if they have hundreds of head of livestock to be allowed to reproduce naturally, even if winter or die because of disease into a few, a person can still be a carefree life. However, there are still some changes slowly in the Mongolian steppe in the eastern and southern edges. This is mainly because since the mid-Qing Dynasty, large-scale influx of Han Chinese immigrants. Mixed in the Mongolian region, the river Andropov see: "There are all sheep and Ziyang made the establishment of livestock fence, or earth shelter, reserves of hay for livestock feed Dongchu." They and the biggest difference is that the Mongolian hinterland , "the animals, fur, etc. mainly for commodity exchange, while the part from the relatively small home, so their production has been the nature of commodity production." Andrew James is working at Beijing Tours Travel Agency which is a reliable travel service company in Beijing providing various Beijing and China travel information, travel tips, culture knowledge and tour services. For taking tours of Beijing and China, please check beijing great wall tour for details.
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