History
Color television
Color television had been studied even before commercial broadcasting became common, but it was only in the late 1940s that the problem was seriously considered. At the time, a number of systems were being proposed that used separate red, green and blue signals (RGB), broadcast in succession. Most experimental systems broadcast entire frames in sequence, with a colored filter (or "gel") that rotated in front of an otherwise conventional black and white television tube. Each frame encoded one color of the picture, and the wheel spun in sync with the signal so the correct gel was inf front of the screen when that colored frame was being displayed. Because they broadcast separate signals for the different colors, all of these systems were incompatible with existing black and white sets. Another problem was that the mechanical filter made them flicker unless very high refresh rates were used.
RCA worked along different lines entirely, using the luminance-chrominance system introduced by Georges Valensi in 1938. This system did not directly encode or transmit the RGB signals; instead it combined these colors into one overall brightness figure, the "luminance". Luminance closely matched the black and white signal of existing broadcasts, allowing it to be displayed on black and white televisions. This was a major advantage over the mechanical systems being proposed by other groups. Color information was then separately encoded and folded into the signal as a high-frequency modification to produce a composite video signal on a black and white television this extra information would be seen as a slight randomization of the image intensity, but the limited resolution of existing sets made this invisible in practice. On color sets the signal would be noticed, filtered out and added to the luminance to re-create the original RGB for display.
Although Valensi's system had enormous benefits, it had not been successfully developed because it was difficult to produce the display tubes. Black and white TVs used a continuous signal and the tube could be coated with an even painting of phosphor. With Valensi's system, the color was changing continually along the line, which was far to fast for any sort of mechanical filter to follow. Instead, the phosphor had to be broken down into a discrete pattern of colored spots. Focusing the right signal on each of these tiny spots was beyond the capability of electron guns of the era.
Geer's solution
Charles Willard Geer, then an assistant professor University of Southern California, was lecturing on the mechanical methods of producing color television that were being experimented with in the 1940s, and stated that an electronically scanned system would be superior, if someone would only invent one. Mentioning it later to his wife, she replied "You'd better get busy and invent it yourself".
Geer solved the display problem with the novel application of optics. Instead of trying to focus the electron beams onto tiny spots, he instead focused them onto larger areas and used simple optics to re-combine them into a single pixel. The tube was arranged with three separate electron guns, one each for red, green and blue (RGB), arranged around the outside of the picture area. This make a Geer tube quite large; the "necks" of the tubes normally lie behind the display area and give the TV its depth, in the Geer tube the necks projected around the outside of the display area, making it much larger.
The rear face of the display area was covered in a series of tiny triangular pyramids imprinted on an aluminum sheet, coated on the inside of each face with colored phosphor. Properly aligned, the electron beams could only "see" one face of the pyramids, striking it and traveling through the thin metal into the thicker phosphor layer inside. When all three guns hit their respective faces, the colored light was created in the interior of the pyramid where it mixed, producing a proper color display on the open base, which faced the user.
One enormous advantage of the Geer system is that it could be used with any of the proposed color television broadcasting systems. CBS was promoting a "field sequential" system at 144 frames per second that they intended to decode with a mechanical filter wheel. This same signal could be decoded on a Geer tube by sending each successive frame to a different gun, in turn. RCA's "dot sequential" system could also be decoded, by de-muxing the signals and sending the RGB to the guns at the same time. B&W signals could be displayed by sending the same signal, muted by 1/3rd, to all three guns at the same time.
Getting the electron beam to hit the correct pyramid, and not surrounding ones, was a major problem for the design. The beam was roughly circular and aimed at a triangular target, making it difficult to capture the entire beam without some overscan. The problem was particularly difficult to solve because the angle between the beam and faces changed as the beams scanned the tube pyramids near the gun would be hit at close to a right angle, but when hitting pyramids at the opposite side of the tube the angle was grazing, and the subtended angle that the pyramid represented was much smaller.
Competing systems
Geer filed for a patent on his design on 11 July 1944. Technicolor purchased the patent rights and started development of prototype units in concert with the Stanford Research Institute, spending a reported $500,000 in 1950 (~ 4 million 2005 dollars) on development. The system was widely reported on at the time, including mentions in Time Magazine, Popular Science, Popular Mechanics, Radio Electronics, and others.
Many other companies were also working on color television systems, most notably RCA. They had filed a patent on their shadow mask system only a few weeks after Geer. When Geer, and Technicolor, informed RCA of their patent, RCA took out licenses and adding additional funding to the project as a "second iron in the fire" in case none of their in-house developments worked out.
In head-to-head testing against other color television systems for the NTSC color standardization efforts that started in November 1949, Geer's tube did not fair particularly well. Overscan bled the colors into neighboring pixels and led to soft colors and poor color registration and contrast. This problem was by no means limited to the Geer tube; several different technologies were demonstrated at the show, and only the CBS mechanical system proved able to produce a picture that satisfied the judges. In 1950, the CBS system was adopted as the NTSC standard.
Geer continued to work on the overscan problems throughout the late 1940s and into the 1950s, filing additional patents on various corrections to improve the system. Other vendors were making similar strides with their own technologies, and in 1953 the NTSC reconvened a panel to consider the color issue. This time RCA's shadow mask system quickly demonstrated itself as superior to all the other systems, including Geer's, and the shadow mask has remained the primary method of building color televisions until the early 2000's. At the same time, RCA's version of color encoding into a signal that was compatible with existing B&W sets was also adopted, with modifications, and remained the primary U.S. television standard until 2009, when analog television was shut down.
After NTSC
Geer continued to work on his basic concept for some time, as well as other television related concepts. In 1955 he filed a patent on a flat TV tube that used a gun arranged to lie beside the image area that fired upward towards the top. The beam was deflected through 90 degrees by a series of charged wires so the beam was now traveling horizontally across the back of the picture area. A second grid, located beside the first, then bent the beams through a small angle so they hit the back of the screen.
It does not appear that this device was ever constructed, and the arrangement of aiming elements suggests focusing the image would be a serious problem. Two other inventors had been working on this problem was well, Dennis Gabor in England (better known for the development of holograms) and William Aiken in the US. Both of their patents were filed before Geer's, and the Aiken tube was successfully built in small numbers. More recently, similar concepts were used, combined with computer controlled convergence systems, to produce "flatter" systems, typically for computer monitor use. However these were quickly displaced by LCD-based systems.
In 1960 he filed for a patent on a three-dimensional television system that used two color tubes and a 2-dimensional version of his pyramids. The vertical channels reflected the light in two directions, providing different images for each eye.
References
Notes
^ a b Ed Reitan, "CBS Field Sequential Color System", 24 August 1997
^ Ed Reitan, "RCA Dot Sequential Color System", 28 August 1997
^ a b Teacher's
^ a b c Color Television Device
^ a b "Tube Shows TV in Color", Popular Science, March 1949, pg. 118
^ a b Television Color Screen
^ "The Patent, Trade-mark, and Copyright Journal of Research and Education", George Washington University, spring 1960
^ "Rainbow on the TV Screen", Popular Mechanics, January 1950, pp. 97-103
^ Fred Shunaman, "Color Television Systems", Radio-electronics, Volume 22, 1950, pg. 20
^ Television Picture
^ Three-Dimensional
Bibliography
Edward W. Herold, "History and development of the color picture tube", Proceedings of the Society of Information Display, Volume 15 Issue 4 (August 1974), pp. 141-149
"Teacher's Tube", Time Magazine, 20 March 1950
Patents
U.S. Patent 2,480,848, "Color Television Device", Charles Willard Geer/Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, filed 11 July 1944, issued 6 September 1949
U.S. Patent 2,622,220, "Television Color Screen", Charles Willard Geer/Technicolor Motion Picture Corporation, filed 22 March 1949, issued 16 December 1952
U.S. Patent 2,850,669, "Television Picture Tube or the Like", Charles Willard Geer, filed 26 April 1955, issued 2 September 1958
U.S. Patent 3,184,630, "Three-Dimensional Display Apparatus", Charles Willard Geer, filed 12 July 1960, issued 18 May 1960
Further reading
Mark Heyer and Al Pinsky, "Interview with Harold B. Law", IEEE History Center, 15 July 1975
See also
Chromatron, another early color television CRT that is no longer used
beam-index tube
shadow mask
aperture grille
Categories: History of television Television technology Vacuum tube displaysHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 I am an expert from China Auto Suppliers, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as disposable shoe covers , strep a test.
Related Articles -
disposable shoe covers, strep a test,
|
