Rare Earth Elements Markets Worldwide

Contrary to their name, rare earth elements are no so rare. They are found in abundance worldwide and are more common than tin in some cases and almost as abundant as copper. All rare earth elements are far more abundant that silver or gold. However, to date only a relatively few deposits have been found with sufficient REE concentrations to make mining them economical. The United States produced most of the world’s REE up until about 1985, at which time China began to become a major supplier. Today, China produces about 97% of the world’s rare earths. Problems stemming from this (virtually) single source include supply constraints, reduced shipments and outright embargos, environmental problems, and rising prices. Since the 1950’s there was very little exploration for new REE sources (except in China) but many countries and mine operators are now actively seeking new REE deposits and developing existing ones.

This report provides a comprehensive assessment of rare earth element production, demand, applications, and economic and cost considerations that have limited production and exploration for new sources, their growth over the past several years, potential opportunities for additional growth, and an assessment of developing technologies, alternatives, and market trends. Projected REE growth through 2020 is provided including discussion of economic conditions, environmental impacts, business demand, stakeholder concerns, and government activities as they affect growth rates. The report also profiles producers of rare earths and the strategies they have adopted to maximize growth and profitability.

Table of Contents:

Chapter 1 Executive Summary

Scope Research Methodology The Rare Earth Elements Figure 1-1 The Period Table and the Elements Table 1-2 Light and Heavy Rare Earth Elements Global REE Deposits Figure 1-3 World Rare Earth Element Reserves by Country Rare Earth Element Applications The Rare Earth Market Today Table 1-4 Rare Earth Element Energy Applications Figure 1-5 Rare Earth Prices - Selected Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE), August 2010-February 2011 ($/kg - REO equivalent) Figure 1-6 Rare Earth Prices - REEs Used in Neodymium-Iron-Boron Magnets February 2009-February 2011 ($/kg - REO equivalent) Figure 1-7 Chinese Rare Earth Quotas and Price Effects Metric Tons of REE, $/kg REO Equivalents (2005-2010) Market Demand Figure 1-8 Rare Earth Market Size, 2005-20010 ($ billions) Figure 1-9 Rare Earth Uses, 2010 Figure 1-10 Rare Earth Demand, 2011-2020 Figure 1-11 Rare Earth Production, 1956-2008 Market Supply Table 1-1 Potential Non-China Rare Earth Operations, 2011-2020 Figure 1-12 Non-China Rare Earth Production, 2011-2020 Figure 1-13 Rare Earth Element Production, 2011-2020 (thousands of metric tons) Market Size Figure 1-14 Rare Earth Market and Global Rare Earth Production, 2011-2020 ($ billions, thousands of metric tons) Market Considerations Rare Earth Growth Factors Rare Earth Growth Inhibitors Summary

Chapter 2 Market Definition

Scope Rare Earth Elements Figure 2-1 The Period Table and the Rare Earth Elements Rare Earth Element History Rare Earth Elements - Not So Rare Figure 2-2 Abundance of Rare Earth Elements in the Earth’s Crust Figure 2-3 Rare Earth Element Occurrence in the Earth’s Crust (parts per million - ppm) Rare Earth Element Production Figure 2-4 Global Production of Rare Earth Oxides Table 2-1 REE Mine Production and Known Reserves by Country, 2009-2010 (tons) principal REE Deposits Figure 2-5 World Rare Earth Element Reserves by Country Rare Earth-Bearing Minerals Table 2-3 Rare Earth Element Concentration in Mineral Sources Principal Mine Locations (percent) Principal REE Deposits - China Figure 2-6 Rare Earth Mines - China Principal REE Deposits - United States Table 2-4 Principal Rare Earth Deposits, United States Figure 2-7 Principal Rare Earth Deposits, United States Principal REE Deposits - Russia Table 2-5 Principal Rare Earth Deposits, Other Countries Principal REE Deposits - India Principal REE Deposits - Other Countries Common Properties of Rare Earth Elements Light and Heavy Rare Earth Elements Table 2-6 Rare Earth Element Properties Table 2-7 Light and Heavy Rare Earth Elements Rare Earth Element Applications Table 2-8 Selected Rare Earth Element Applications Rare Earth Applications in Alternative Energy Systems Table 2-9 Rare Earth Element Use in Alternative Energy Systems Rare Earth Element Processing Figure 2-8 Rare Earth Mining Process Summary

Chapter 3 Market Size and Growth

Scope Market Volatility Figure 3-1 Rare Earth Prices - Selected Minerals, 2005-2009 ($/kg REO equivalent) Chinese Rare Earth Quotas Figure 3-2 Chinese Rare Earth Quotas and Price Effects Metric Tons of REE, $/kg REO Equivalents, (2005-2010) China-Japan Tensions Soaring Rare Earth Prices Figure 3-3 Rare Earth Prices - Selected Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE), 2005-2010 ($/kg - REO equivalent) Figure 3-4 Rare Earth Prices - Selected Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE), 2005-2010 ($/kg - REO equivalents) Market Size Figure 3-5 Rare Earth Production, 2005-2010 (metric tons) Figure 3-6 Rare Earth Market Size, 2005-2010 ($ billions) Market Demand Figure 3-7 Rare Earth Demand, 2005-2010 (metric tons) Figure 3-8 REE Usage by Country, 2008 (% of REE use by category within a country) Figure 3-9 REE Usage by Category2008 (% of REEs used by countries within a category) Rare Earth Exports/Imports Figure 3-10 Rare Earth Imports - United States and Japan, 2005-2010 (metric tons Rare Earth Oxide-equivalent) Figure 3-11 Rare Earth Exports - United states and Japan, 2005-2010 (metric tons Rare Earth Oxide-equivalent) Rare Earth Growth Factors Figure 3-12 Rare Earth Uses, 2010 Technology Figure 3-13 Magnet Strengths, (MGO) Chinese Demand Defense Systems Japanese Demand Recycling Factors Inhibiting Rare Earth Growth Development Costs Environmental Issues Lack of Expertise Rare Earth Element Mix Table 3-1 Selected Heavy Rare Earth Element (HREE) Sources Location Rare Earth Prices Substitute Materials Strategic Reserves Acts of God Market Growth 2011 to 2020 Rare Earth Element Demand Figure 3-14 Light Rare Earth Demand, 2011-2020 (thousands of metric tons) Figure 3-15 Heavy Rare Earth Demand, 2011-2020 (thousands of metric tons) Rare Earth Magnets - The Dysprosium Problem Figure 3-16 Dysprosium Demand vs Production, 2011 - 2020 (metric tons) Rare Earth Element Production Figure 3-17 Rare Earth Element Production, 2011-2020 (thousands of metric tons) Market Size Figure 3-18 Global Rare Earth Production (less China), 2011-2020 (thousands of metric tons) Figure 3-19 Rare Earth Market and Global Rare Earth Production, 2011-2020 ($ billions, thousands of metric tons) Summary

Chapter 4 Emerging Rare Earth Developments

Scope New Rare Earth Exploration and Development Greenland Table 4-1 Kvanefjeld, Greenland Rare Earth Element Concentrations Canada Table 4-2 Hoidas Lake and Nechalacho Rare Earth Deposits, Canada Africa South Africa Australia Russia and Central Asia United States Other Countries Mine Development Phases Vertically Integrated Rare Earth Supply Chains Table 4-3 Level of Development - Selected Potential Rare Earth Mines Rare Earth Alternatives Magnets Electric Vehicles Japan Magnetic Refrigeration National Defense Considerations Table 4-4 Rare Earth Uses in Military Defense Systems Government Activities Japan South Korea South Africa European Union United States Minimizing Environmental Concerns Radioactive Wastes More Efficient Extraction Methods Summary

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