|
Since memory was first experimentally studied, attention has focused on various aspects of phenomena related to forgetting. One aspect of forgetting is memory blocking, that is, the temporary obstruction of knowledge of About Civil services, or memories from consciousness. Critically important components of memory blocks include the sought-for material's being encoded in memory, temporarily blocked from consciousness, and recoverable in its essentially original form. Although mysterious mechanisms have been imagined, such as repression, that might banish undesirable traumatic memories from consciousness, no such exotic explanations are necessary for the existence of blocks. In response competition, a stimulus is associated with multiple responses, including the sought-for response, known as the target response. For the purposes of the present chapter, the stimulus could be a memory prompt, a problem to solve, or a prompt for creative idea generation. In each case, the stimulus has a certain probability of evoking the desired target response, as well as probabilities of evoking any blockers, or competing responses. When target responses are less dominant, the probability of finding correct targets decreases. Examples of factors that decrease the probability of evoking target responses by strengthening competing blockers are increased frequency or regency of occurrence of blockers. A second memory mechanism that is very useful for explaining blocking effects is retrieval bias. If one thinks of memory as a big bag of information About Civil services, each piece called a memory, and then retrieval can be thought of as drawing a sample of these memories from the bag. Of course, retrieval must be conceived as sampling with replacement, because remembering something does not wipe it out of memory. In fact, when a memory is sampled, or retrieved, its retrieval strength increases, at least temporarily. That is, retrieving a memory increases the subsequent likelihood of retrieving that memory again. Increasing the likelihood of retrieving one memory necessarily decreases the chance of retrieving other memories. When memories are sampled, subsets of the memories, those that are initially retrieved, begin to take on such a large portion of the available retrieval strength that additional effort to retrieve new memories fail. Such a situation is called a biased retrieval set, because one is biased to retrieve only a subset of the available memories, thereby rendering the other available memories at least temporarily inaccessible. The temporarily inaccessible memories can be said to be blocked from consciousness because of the biased retrieval set. The same sorts of blocking effects and the same theoretical mechanisms found in memory research are also found in problem-solving research. Just as negative primes seen prior to word fragments hindered solutions to the word fragments, so too do blocker words hinder solutions to problems of About Civil services Exam. One example of this blocking effect in problem solving was demonstrated by, who showed fixation effects in solving rebus problems, a special type of picture word problem. In a rebus problem, the configuration of letters and words shown in the problem depicts a common phrase. For example, the rebus "you just me" is solved with the common phrase, "just between you and me," because the word just is between the words you and me. Smith and Blankenship tested for fixation effects by including some misleading "clues" designed to draw attention to incorrect solutions.
Related Articles -
about civil Services, about civil services exam,
|
